git undo commit PROPERLY [5 Different Ways]

Introduction to git undo commit

Git has provided a variety of functions to manage your working repository including git undo commits that are unwanted. They include git checkout, git clean, git revert, and git reset among others. This enables you to continue with your work safely while removing commits that you find unhelpful for the project.

Git environment provides diversity in managing different sections of a project in form of branches or repositories. Any data committed in the cause of production is recorded and can be traced back in time or undone. That is made possible by git undo commit operation enabled by the above-mentioned functions. Undoing facilitates revision and correction of the history of the project commits with inconsistencies or issues.

In this tutorial, we are going to learn about git undo commit, to undo a commit using git reset, git revert and accessing commits using git log.

Lab Environment

To use and practice working with git, the first step is setting up a local working environment. I will create a remote project git_query in my Github account and cloned it to my local workstation for this exercise. See the output below:

$ git clone https://github.com/Maureen-Mulombi/git-query.git

Sample Output:

I will be using windows 10 pro and git version 2.32.0.windows.2 throughout this demonstration of this tutorial.

Git undo commit workflow

Git has several commands to facilitate git undo commit that you should understand to manage changes within your current repository. They include git reset, git soft reset, git mixed reset and git hard reset.

Git reset removes a staged file in the index without modifying the active directory. This process will not override any changes upon unstaging the specified file. Let’s first break down the git environment in which the reset function operates (git tree) in this section.

The git tree is made up of three basic parts:

• Working directory: manages the project files
• Staging area: stores the pre-commits
• Repository: keeps data for the past changes or commits

See the diagram below that illustrates how the git tree works:

git reset vs git reset --soft vs git reset --hard vs git reset --mixed

• git reset servers to redirect files at different cycles of the git tree. It unstages the latest commit and sets back the active tree to the second last commit.
• git reset --soft option does not change the files already in the index or active directory. It operates contrary to the git add command. It simply pushes or stages files to the index in the active repo.
• git reset --hard option behaves completely different from the git soft reset and git mixed rest when used to undo a commit. Git hard reset removes all the stored files in the index and directory of the active repository. Only use git hard rest if you want to permanently undo a commit.
• git reset --mixed command can undo a commit while maintaining the active directory history but not the index.

• Soft reset: affects the head and doesn’t cause changes to the index and directory
• Mixed reset: affects the head and the index but no change to the directory
• Hard reset: changes the entire tree history i.e. head, index and directory

Different Methods to perform git undo commit

In this section we will cover different examples to perform undo commit in git.

Method-1: git undo commit using soft reset

To undo a commit to latest commit from your active repository use git reset --soft HEAD~1 command. Using the HEAD option in the git soft reset command enables you to specify which commit to change.

Git uses the following syntax to facilitate git undo commit using git soft reset command;

$ git reset --soft HEAD~1

We will use an example to demonstrate how to use git soft reset as follows. First, let’s create a new branch jira in the current local repo git-query using git checkout command.

$ git checkout -b jira
Switched to a new branch 'jira'

After committing a few changes in the jira branch, next we will use the git log --online command to view all the commits as shown below:

$ git log --oneline
227e05b (HEAD -> jira) q-two file
5dc53a4 q-one file
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

To illustrate how to undo a commit using git soft reset command, let’s try and undo the last commit 227e05b in our current branch which can be referred using HEAD~1.

$ git reset --soft HEAD~1

Next check the status, you can see that the files from our commit id 227e05b are not removed and is added to our local repo with pending changes to be committed:

$ git status
On branch jira
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   q-two.txt

We will then run git log --oneline command to confirm the removal of the last commit 227e05b .

$ git log --oneline
5dc53a4 (HEAD -> jira) q-one file
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

The results are now showing only two commits instead of three like it was before the soft reset.

Method-2: git undo commit using hard reset

Git employs the following syntax for git hard reset command to undo a commit in the active repo;

$ git reset --hard HEAD~1

Just like the git soft reset option, git hard reset also utilizes the HEAD in its formula to identify the target commit to remove.

We will experiment on how to undo a commit in git using git hard reset head command using the following example. Let’s first create a new branch test-b in the local repository git-query using git checkout –b command as follows;

$ git checkout -b test-b
Switched to a new branch 'test-b'

To demonstrate how to undo a commit using git hard reset command we shall use the following example.

After committing a new file myfile.css, we want to undo the commit as we will not need the file anymore for this part of the production.

First, let’s run git log --oneline command to get the commit of the mistakenly committed file myfile.css.

a4be714 (HEAD -> test-b) myfile.css
5dc53a4 (origin/jira, jira) q-one file
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

Next, we will use the git reset --hard HEAD~1 command to undo the changes permanently as shown:

$  git reset --hard HEAD~1
HEAD is now at 5dc53a4 q-one file

The head is now pointing at the second last commit unlike before. Now, we shall run the git status command to view the current status of the active branch.

$ git status
On branch test-b
nothing to commit, working tree clean

Notice that the entire history has been cleared. There are no commits for test-b branch.
 

Why git hard reset is potentially dangerous?

Git reset hard head could be a dangerous way to work with to run git undoing a commit. Would you lose your directory history? Let’s use an example to find out.

For example we have following commit-tree A <- B <- C <-D <- E <- HEAD. Now if we want to reset to commit id B, then what would happen? Will you lose my changes done as part of C, D and E?

See the illustration below:

The answer is yes, you will lose your changes C, D and E especially if you dint commit or stage them before running the git hard reset head.

Git hard reset head is dangerous because it never gives prompts in situations where there are unstaged or uncommitted files in the active directory. Neither will it warn you that your files are going to be overwritten which makes it easy to lose data history. Always observe caution when adopting git hard reset function to carry out git undo a commit.
 

Method-3: Perform git undo commit using mixed reset

git mixed reset command also incorporates the HEAD option to identify which commit should be removed.

Let’s use an example to illustrate how this process takes place in a git environment. We will again use the jira branch in our current project to illustrate how to undo commit using the git reset --mixed HEAD~1 command as follows;

First, we’ll checkout jira branch to ensure that we are using the right branch:

$ git checkout jira
Switched to branch 'jira'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/jira'.

Next, we will run git log --oneline command to view all the commits.

$ git log --oneline
4ff5861 (HEAD -> jira) test-two
5dc53a4 (origin/jira, test-b) q-one file
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

Next, we shall now run the  git reset --mixed HEAD~1 command to undo the last commit as shown here;

$ git reset --mixed HEAD~1

Next check the status:

$ git status
On branch jira
Your branch is behind 'origin/jira' by 1 commit, and can be fast-forwarded.
  (use "git pull" to update your local branch)
Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        test-two.js
nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

From the results, we have been able to undo a commit but kept the file history within the directory as untracked. Therefore, you can always go back to the file when you need it in the future.

Method-4: git undo a commit using git revert function

You can use git revert function to undo a commit in your tree history without changing the history. That’s because git revert command doesn’t remove the old commit but rather creates a new revert commit ahead of the branch. Also when working to undo changes using git revert, you do not need to specify the head number like in git soft reset or git hard reset. The reason is that a revert operation doesn’t create a new head. It only deals with the specified commit.

We will use the following example to demonstrate how git revert command makes changes to a commit;

Let’s create a new branch  mybranch in the git-query repo.

$ git checkout -b mybranch
Switched to a new branch 'mybranch'

We will add a file myfile.css and commit it as shown below;

$ touch myfile.css

$ git add .

$ git commit -m "myfile"
[mybranch 689e317] myfile
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 myfile.css

Let’s now run git log –oneline command to see the latest commit 689e317 in mybranch

$ git log --oneline
689e317 (HEAD -> mybranch) myfile
47f6da2 (jira) Merge branch 'jira' of https://github.com/Maureen-Mulombi/git-query into jira
424f81d newfile
4ff5861 (origin/jira) test-two
5dc53a4 (test-b) q-one file
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

We shall now run git revert head so as to undo the last commit 689e317 as illustrated below;

$ git revert head
Revert "myfile"
This reverts commit 689e31768895acce3d392772d92d6a20ab1b977f.
 On branch mybranch
 Changes to be committed:
       deleted:    myfile.css

Now, we’ll run git status command to view the deleted file.

$ git status
On branch mybranch
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        deleted:    myfile.css

Method-5: Perform git undo commit using git --amend

You can undo a commit using git commit --amend command as illustrated below. First, we will checkout a new branch example-1 for this experiment as follows;

$ git checkout -b example-1
Switched to a new branch 'example-1'

After committing a couple of files in the example-1 branch, we realize that the last file we committed was wrong and needs to be amended. git commit --amend command will help to sort this out as follows. First, we will run git log command to view the last commit as follows;

$ git log --oneline
cf55725 (HEAD -> example-1) newfile
373d3af gitfile-1 added
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

Now let’s run git --amend –m command to change the file name of the last commit

$ git commit --amend -m "amended file"
[example-1 6637c14] amended file
 Date: Fri Aug 20 10:47:43 2021 +0300
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 gitfile-2.css

We shall now run the git log –oneline command to see the new commit changed from newfile to amended file with a new commit id 6637c14 as shown below:

$ git log --oneline
6637c14 (HEAD -> example-1) amended file
373d3af gitfile-1 added
29d8e9c (origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Initial commit

Using git commit --amend command to undo a commit prompts git to create a new git SHA hash id for the new commit. This helps to avoid conflicts of SHA hash id’s hence maintaining the transparency of your codes.

The new commit maintains the previous history thus saves you from having to redo the entire process.

Summary

We have covered the following topics in this tutorial on git undo commit:

• Defining git undo commit
• Understanding the git tree
• Git undo commit methods

Further reading

Git-undo-commit